This VFR filing would be similar to how a VOR would be used in a route of flight. (b) Pilots flying TSO-C129 navigation system equipped aircraft without full automation should use normal lead points to begin the turn. The VFR waypoint names are not intended to be pronounceable, and they are not for use in ATC communications. Limited to 14 CFR Part 121 or equivalent criteria. ENR 3.5, Paragraph 1. It was widely used today. The pilot uses the ADF to determine the direction to the NDB relative to the aircraft. Receivers capable of flying LP procedures must contain a statement in the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM), AFM Supplement, or Approved Supplemental Flight Manual stating that the receiver has LP capability, as well as the capability for the other WAAS and GPS approach procedure types. For more information please click here, By continuing to use this site or closing this panel, we'll assume you're OK to continue. The term glide path means that portion of the glide slope that intersects the localizer. VFR waypoints provide VFR pilots with a supplementary tool to assist with position awareness while navigating visually in aircraft equipped with area navigation receivers. Such a filter is not needed when DXing NDBs with a Ferrite Rod RL. The carrier oscillation in the localizer frequency range is 108.00 MHz to 111.975 MHz modulated with a 90Hz and a 150Hz tone signal. IR 2007 - Fixed Broadband Services operating in the frequency range 5725-5850 MHz (PDF, 215.1 KB) IR 2009 has been replaced by IR 2030. . Aircraft Radio Frequencies used for Aviation This page covers Aircraft radio frequencies used as aviation frequency bands. SE125 Dual IP66 enclosure. Do not use back course signals for approach unless a back course approach procedure is published for that particular runway and the approach is authorized by ATC. VFR pilots should rely on appropriate and current aeronautical charts published specifically for visual navigation. These procedures are issued to an aircraft operator when the conditions for operations approval are satisfied. The ranges of NDB service volumes are shown in TBL 1-1-2. NDBs typically operate in the frequency range from 190 kHz to 535 kHz (although they are allocated frequencies from 190 to 1750 kHz) and transmit a carrier modulated by either 400 or 1020 Hz. Having determined the drift, the aircraft must be flown so that the compass heading is the required bearing adjusted for drift at the same time as the RBI reading is 0 or 180 adjusted for drift. An aircraft's GLS approach capability relies on the broadcast from a GBAS Ground Facility (GGF) installation. To simplify this task, a compass card driven by the aircraft's magnetic compass is added to the RBI to form a radio magnetic indicator (RMI). Operational NDB Sites in the UK En-Route NDB Facilities: Name Ident Frequenc y (kHz) Coordinates Range (nm) Burnham BUR 421.0 513108N 0004038W 15 to 30 Chiltern CHT 277.0 513723N . Since that time, NDBs have become standard equipment on offshore platforms and drill ships to provide highly reliable navigation for helicopter pilots and ADF-equipped crew boats as they support crews on drilling and production platforms. Introduction: An efficient antenna for a Non-Directional Radiobeacon would require an effective height of between 600 and 220ft, depending upon the operating frequency in the range of 190 to 535kHz. Properly trained and approved, as required, TSO-C145 and TSO-C146 equipped users (WAAS users) with and using approved baro-VNAV equipment may plan for LNAV/VNAV DA at an alternate airport. Pilots should consider the effect of a high TCH on the runway available for stopping the aircraft. An NDB or Non-Directional Beacon is a ground-based, low frequency radio transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platforms. Pilots should be vigilant to see and avoid other traffic when near VFR waypoints. The owner/operator or representative of the repair station may accomplish the necessary checks in the aircraft and make a logbook entry stating the results. You probably won't find the 'NDB List', which covers all of the many different types of radiobeacons, such as NDBs (Non-Directional Beacons), Propagation Beacons, VOR systems etc., or the 'DGPS List', which covers DGPS DXing, Time Signals, LORAN or WeFAX modes, in the listings in the Groups.io Directory, but if you would like to find out more Description of the position/navigation/timing condition observed; and duration of the event. 54 to 108 KM) from the transmitter, especially just before sunrise and just after sunset, High terrain like hills and mountains can reflect radio waves, giving erroneous readings especially if they contain magnetic deposits, Electrical storms, and sometimes also electrical interference can cause the, Low-frequency radio waves will refract or bend near a shoreline, especially if they are close to parallel to the shore, When the aircraft is banked, the needle reading will be offset, NDBs are classified according to their intended use [, The distances (radius) are the same at all altitudes, By tuning to low frequency (LF) radio stations such as, Some major commercial broadcast station locations and frequencies are shown on sectional aeronautical charts, Primarily for air navigation, the LF/MF stations are FAA and privately operated non-directional radio beacons, Some broadcast stations operate only during daylight hours, and many of the low powered stations transmit on identical frequencies and may cause erratic, That is, when the bearing pointer is on the nose position, the station is directly ahead of the airplane; when the pointer is on the tail position, the station is directly behind the airplane; and when the pointer is 90 to either side (wingtip position), the station is directly off the respective wingtip, In this type, the bearing pointer shows only the station's relative bearing, i.e., the angle from the nose of the airplane to the station [, A more sophisticated instrument called a Radio Magnetic Indicator (, Thus, with this rotating azimuth referenced to a magnetic direction, the bearing pointer superimposed on the azimuth indicates the Magnetic Bearing to the station, The easiest, and perhaps the most common method of using, The number to which the bearing indicator points on the fixed azimuth dial has no directional meaning to the pilot until it is related to the airplane's heading. There is no plan to change the NAVAID and route structure in the WUSMA. NDB frequencies are in the frequency band of 190 to 535 kilohertz (kHz) and have no decimals. Non Directional Beacons (NDB's) are used by aircraft for navigation purposes. The distances (radius) are the . Rohde Schwarz 46.1K subscribers 25K views 3 years ago Test & Measurement Fundamentals This video explains the practical and technical principles behind the signals used in ADF (automatic direction. Leg transition normally occurs at the turn bisector for a fly-by waypoint (reference paragraph 1-2-1 for more on waypoints). If an airborne checkpoint is not available, select an established VOR airway. !FDC 4/3406 (PAZA A0173/14) ZAN NAV WAAS SIGNAL MAY NOT BE AVBL NORTH OF LINE FROM 7000N150000W TO 6400N16400W. NDB's identify by sending their call letters in Morse code and usually consist of 2 or 3 letters (which quite often bear a . Unless your aircraft's ILS equipment includes reverse sensing capability, when flying inbound on the back course it is necessary to steer the aircraft in the direction opposite of the needle deflection on the airborne equipment when making corrections from off-course to on-course. If the airplane were to be turned 60 to the left, the heading would be 030. In Canada, privately owned NDB identifiers consist of one letter and one number. In situations where RAIM is predicted to be unavailable, the flight must rely on other approved navigation equipment, re-route to where RAIM is available, delay departure, or cancel the flight. They are subject to line-of-sight restrictions, and range varies proportionally to the altitude of the receiving equipment. Operators must have two independent navigation systems appropriate to the route to be flown, or one system that is suitable and a second, independent backup capability that allows the operator to proceed safely and land at a different airport, and the aircraft must have sufficient fuel (reference 14 CFR 121.349, 125.203, 129.17, and 135.165). It is available in either an outdoor rated IP66 enclosure or a rack mount for indoor use. The GGF installation includes at least four ground reference stations near the airport's runway(s), a corrections processor, and a VHF Data Broadcast (VDB) uplink antenna. . For further information on our NDBs (Non-Directional Beacons), please fill out enquiry form online or call our team on +44 (0)1483 267 066. False courses and reverse sensing will occur at angles considerably greater than the published path. Air carrier and commercial operators must meet the appropriate provisions of their approved operations specifications. The International Civil Aviation Organization (. The aeroplane needs direction finding equipment i.e. Nautel are also one of the worlds' leading broadcast transmitter manufacturers and this heritage is apparent in the build quality and reliability of their products. The ICAO minimum accuracy for NDBs is 5. Verify that the database provider has not published a notice limiting the use of the specific waypoint or procedure. Loss of satellite reception and RAIM warnings may occur due to aircraft dynamics (changes in pitch or bank angle). Reliance on determining the identification of an omnirange should never be placed on listening to voice transmissions by the. @GetReadyFreddi Unfortunately your data source is inaccurate and the frequency you chose is out of range for an NDB. Short range Primary NDB uses En-route tracking during navigation Position fixing Waypoints or destination points Instrument Approach Procedures NDB may be modulated with audio for: Morse Code Identification ATIS Airborne and ground check points consist of certified radials that should be received at specific points on the airport surface, or over specific landmarks while airborne in the immediate vicinity of the airport. The system operates in the medium frequency band, that is, 200 to 400 Kcs., however, . NDBs have long been used by aircraft navigators, and previously mariners, to help obtain a fix of their geographic location on the surface of the Earth. Missed approach routings in which the first track is via a course rather than direct to the next waypoint require additional action by the pilot to set the course. VFR waypoints may not be used on IFR flight plans. Many RMIs used for aviation also allow the device to display information from a second radio tuned to a VOR station; the aircraft can then fly directly between VOR stations (so-called "Victor" routes) while using the NDBs to triangulate their position along the radial, without the need for the VOR station to have a collocated distance measuring equipment (DME). Besides their use in aircraft navigation, NDBs are also popular with long-distance radio enthusiasts (DXers). [citation needed]. The point may represent an intended course change or describe the planned route of flight. Identification is in Morse Code and consists of a three-letter identifier preceded by the letter I () transmitted on the localizer frequency. 270-500kHz approximately). Now is the time to consider a replacement. WPC Overview; About Secretary; Working Council The NDB is a ground-based transmitter which transmits vertically polarized radio signals in all directions (hence the name) and is designed to determine directions to it in space. Green and red airways are plotted east and west, while amber and blue airways are plotted north and south. See the Inoperative Component Table in the U.S. Government Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) for adjustments to minimums due to inoperative airborne or ground system equipment. The runway threshold waypoint, normally the, The course into a waypoint may not always be 180 degrees different from the course leaving the previous waypoint, due to the. Database Currency. During periods of maintenance, VHF ranges may radiate a T-E-S-T code (--). Special instrument approach procedures are not distributed for general public use. All pilots should be aware that disturbances to, ATC issues control instruction to avoid interfering operations within. An automatic direction finder (ADF) then uses the signal to determine the aircraft's bearing and display its position in relation to the NDB transmitter. The pilot must be aware of what bank angle/turn rate the particular receiver uses to compute turn anticipation, and whether wind and airspeed are included in the receiver's calculations. Since the relative positions of the satellites are constantly changing, prior experience with the airport does not guarantee reception at all times, and RAIM availability should always be checked. It transmits a glide path beam 1.4 degrees wide (vertically). ***>; Mention ***@***. Though currently unavailable, the FAA is updating its prediction tool software to provide this site-service in the future. Most of North America has redundant coverage by two or more geostationary satellites. The localizer signal is transmitted at the far end of the runway. In FSX, the ADF is tuned to 462.5 and all works fine. The NDB transmits an omni-directional signal that is received by the ADF or Automatic Direction Finder, a standard instrument onboard aircraft. For example, to use two, To satisfy the requirement for two independent navigation systems, if the primary navigation system is, In Alaska, aircraft may operate on GNSS Q-routes with, In Alaska, aircraft may only operate on GNSS T-routes with, Ground-based navigation equipment is not required to be installed and operating for en route IFR operations when using, Q-routes and T-routes outside Alaska. From 10 to 35either side of the course along a radius of 10 NM. Manual entry of waypoints using latitude/longitude or place/bearing is not permitted for approach procedures. We are agents for Nautel of Canada who,for over 35 years, have provided the lowest cost of ownership by making reliable products and supporting them with the industry's best customer service. Being familiar with all of the inputs required is especially critical during this phase of flight. from Waldo Magnuson - Feb 18, 2012. With a crosswind, the needle must be maintained to the left or right of the 0 or 180 position by an amount corresponding to the drift due to the crosswind. Such disturbances result from such factors as lightning, precipitation, static, etc. The only positive method of identifying a VOR is by its Morse Code identification or by the recorded automatic voice identification which is always indicated by use of the word VOR following the range's name. The military provides airfield specific GPS RAIM NOTAMs for nonprecision approach procedures at military airfields. A non-directional (radio) beacon (NDB) is a radio transmitter at a known location, used as an aviation or marine navigational aid. The first type of message indicates that there are not enough satellites available to provide RAIM integrity monitoring. However, NDB signals are also affected more by atmospheric conditions, mountainous terrain, coastal refraction and electrical storms, particularly at long range. An NDBor Non-Directional Beacon is a ground-based, low frequency radio transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platforms. Procedures must be established for use in the event that the loss of RAIM capability is predicted to occur. Unreliable signals may be received outside of these areas. The pilot uses the ADF to determine the direction to the NDB relative to the aircraft. A back course marker, normally indicates the. being vectored), the pilot should adhere to the clearance and ensure the aircraft intercepts the extended GLS final approach course within the specified service volume. Plotting fixes in this manner allow crews to determine their position. 1To determine equipment approvals and limitations, refer to the AFM, AFM supplements, or pilot guides. But all the frequencies that are something like, 214.3 261.5 Theres no way to tune in a decimal something. As of September 2022, only one colored airway is left in the continental United States, located off the coast of North Carolina and is called G13 or Green 13. Search for: Menu Close. 2) A very low Minimum Discernible Signal; RLs can have a sensitivity which belies their size. Here is an example of a GPS testing NOTAM: The existing CPA runway is listed. A low or medium frequency radio beacon transmits nondirectional signals whereby the pilot of an aircraft properly equipped can determine bearings and home on the station. Aircraft heading +/- ADF needle degrees off nose or tail = Bearing to or from NDB station. An NDB or Non-Directional Beacon is a ground-based, low frequency radio transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platforms. Still looking for something? Decoding Software Hobby Level Software NDBfinder Video Examples Signal waterfall recording Additional Links Southern Avionics: What is a NDB All Rights Reserved. An NDB or Non-Directional Beacon is a ground-based, low frequency radio transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platforms. to 1750 Khz. In 1944 an NDB was little more than a generator attached to a simple aerial which sent out a low or medium frequency signal in all directions. NDBs used for aviation are standardized by ICAO, the International Civil Aviation Organization, Annex 10 which specifies that NDB be operated on a frequency between 190 to 1800 kHz. Antenna Location. In this fashion, NDBs can, like VORs, define airways in the sky. Pilots encountering navigation error events should transition to another source of navigation and request amended clearances from ATC as necessary. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Single-needled Radio Magnetic Indicator (, Air Safety Institute's "A Day in the SUN", Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Advisory Circular 61-21A - Flight Training Handbook (Chapter 12) ADF Navigation, Aeronautical Information Manual (1-1-2) Non-directional Radio Beacon (NDB), Aeronautical Information Manual (1-1-8) NAVAID Service Volumes, CFI Notebook.net - Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM), Federal Aviation Regulations (91.177) Minimum Altitudes For IFR Operations, Loop Antenna (Magnetic Bearing from the airplane to the station), These facilities normally operate in a frequency band of 190 to 535 kilohertz (kHz), According to International Civil Aviation Organization (, The NDB frequency can sometimes bleed over to the, All radio beacons except the compass locators transmit a continuous three-letter identification in code except during voice transmissions, These signals can be used to either home or intercept and track a course for navigation, Accuracy is suitable for navigation but subject to numerous limitations, Not limited by line of sight which permits reception at low altitudes over great distances due to ground waves, A fixed compass card simply means the face of the instrument cannot rotate, leaving only the needles to move, Always represent the nose of the aircraft at 0 and the tail as 180, Visualizing the situation with this type of indicator can be daunting, (relative bearing) + (magnetic heading) = (magnetic bearing), Relative Bearing: Degrees flown to station (clockwise), Magnetic Bearing: Distance from magnetic north, Combines radio and magnetic information to provide continuous heading, bearing and radial information, The second needle typically points to a VOR station, Radio beacons are subject to disturbances that may result in erroneous bearing information. The frequency band 960-1 164 MHz is planned for future air-ground . Any time the airplane's heading is changed, the Relative Bearing will be changed an equal number of degrees, To determine the Magnetic Bearing to a station on a fixed, When the pointer is on the nose position, the airplane is heading straight to the station and the Magnetic Bearing can be read directly from the magnetic compass. Close the menu by clicking on the HSI again and split the PFD from the upper right corner. For example, TSO-C129 systems change within 30 miles of destination and within 2 miles of FAF to support approach operations. Special authorization and equipment are required for Category II and III. The TLS is designed to provide approach guidance utilizing existing airborne, Ground equipment consists of a transponder interrogator, sensor arrays to detect lateral and vertical position, and, TLS instrument approach procedures are designated Special Instrument Approach Procedures. Aircraft follow these pre-defined routes to complete a flight plan. The NDB transmits an omni-directional signal that is received by the [2] Each NDB is identified by a one, two, or three-letter Morse code callsign. 1406070300-1406071200. [11], International Civil Aviation Organization, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, international maritime distress (emergency) frequency. As of AIRAC cycle 2109, we have updated our VOR and NDB navaids globally to reflect their ranges in the real world, allowing . The system's erroneous heading may not self-correct. Once on the GLS final approach course, the pilot should ensure the aircraft is in the GLS approach mode prior to reaching the procedure's glidepath intercept point. Radio beacons are radio transmitters at a known location, used as an aviation or marine navigational aid. Most receivers use menus where the pilot selects the airport, the runway, the specific approach procedure and finally the, A GBAS ground installation at an airport can provide localized, differential augmentation to the Global Positioning System (. A navigation system consisting of a non-directional beacon and a receiver that can receive signals within the low and medium frequency ranges. Because NDBs are generally low-power (usually 25 watts, some can be up to 5kW), they normally cannot be heard over long distances, but favorable conditions in the ionosphere can allow NDB signals to travel much farther than normal. Pending and future changes at some locations will require a revised runway designation. Exercise caution: avoid flying below the glide path to assure obstacle/terrain clearance is maintained. When the aircraft achieves GLS approach eligibility, the aircraft's onboard navigation database may then contain published GLS instrument approach procedures. These facilities normally operate in a frequency band of 190 to 535 kilohertz (kHz), according to ICAO Annex 10 the frequency range for NDB s is between 190 and 1750 kHz, and transmit a continuous carrier with either 400 or 1020 hertz (Hz) modulation. Reception of NDBs is also usually best during the fall and winter because during the spring and summer, there is more atmospheric noise on the LF and MF bands. The beacons that transmit between 510kHz and 530kHz can sometimes be heard on AM radios that can tune below the beginning of the medium wave (MW) broadcast band. Heading, altitude, type of aircraft (make/model/call sign). In marine navigation, NDBs may still be useful should Global Positioning System (GPS) reception fail. Sorry of this was covered somewhere else. Pilots using an outdated database should verify waypoints using current aeronautical products; for example, Chart Supplement U.S., Sectional Chart, or En Route Chart. Pilots are encouraged to submit detailed reports of NAVAID or, Date and time the anomaly was observed, and NAVAID ID (or. ATC will promptly issue an advisory if the critical area will not be protected. Voice transmissions are made on radio beacons unless the letter W (without voice) is included in the class designator (HW). An aircraft approved for multi-sensor navigation and equipped with a single navigation system must maintain an ability to navigate or proceed safely in the event that any one component of the navigation system fails, including the flight management system (FMS). Frank's NON DIRECTIONAL BEACONS (NDB) Page (Optimized for Mozilla 1.0 and Internet Explorer 6) Within the hobby of DX-ing (listening to distant [DX in telegraph lingo] radio stations) there are many challenges: Some people listen to radio-amateurs (Hams), others to broadcasting stations on Medium Wave, the tropical bands or shortwave, others again spend their time listening to utility . Higher power systems from 500 to 1000 Watts are used for longer range applications. Anyone know why and how? To navigate using the ADF, the pilot enters the frequency of the NDB and the compass card (or arrow) on the ADF will indicate the heading to the station. An audible Morse Code call sign of one or more letters or numbers is used to identify the NDB being received. Instrument indications received beyond 35 degrees should be disregarded. The operational frequency range is limited to up to 2MHz. Site-specific WAAS MAY NOT BE AVBL NOTAMs indicate an expected level of service; for example, LNAV/VNAV, LP, or LPV may not be available. the civil VOR/, A VORTAC is a facility consisting of two components, VOR and. An NDB or Non-Directional Beacon is a ground-based, low frequency radio transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platforms. What is an NDB or Non-Directional Beacon? However, NDB signals are also affected more by atmospheric conditions, mountainous terrain, coastal refraction and electrical storms, particularly at long range. At Spokane, WA the LFR at Felts Field was 365 kc in at least 1936 (i.e. Marker beacons on ILS approaches are now being phased out worldwide with DME ranges or GPS signals used, instead, to delineate the different segments of the approach. 3Requires current database or verification that the procedure has not been amended since the expiration of the database. If you are 'on frequency' and in range of the beacon, you will notice silence suddenly and after a few seconds the Morse code is received. Denver Tower, United 1153, Request Autoland/Coupled Approach (runway) In flight, Air Traffic Control will not advise pilots of WAAS MAY NOT BE AVBL NOTAMs. When necessary to follow a course directly to or from an NDB while making necessary corrections for wind: After the course has been intercepted, maintain the heading that corresponds to the Course To or Bearing From the station, If a 10 course devision is indicated (off the nose of tail relative to the needle) then re-intercept by beginning with a change toward the "head" of the needle that is 20, Maintain the intercept heading until the angle of deflection from the nose or tail is 20 and then turn to a new course heading by taking out half of the intercept angle, This new heading is the new relative bearing, If the aDF needle deflects toward the nose or away from the tail, re-intercept by beginning with a 10 change in heading (intercept heading) toward the needle deflection, Maintain the intercept heading until the deflection angle equals the intercept angle (deflection = correction), and then turn back to a new course heading by taking out half of the heading change, Note that larger correction angles can be used if the wind requires, Pilots should be aware of the possibility of momentary erroneous indications on cockpit displays when the primary signal generator for a ground-based navigational transmitter is inoperative, Pilots should disregard any navigation indication, regardless of its apparent validity, if the particular transmitter was identified by NOTAM or otherwise as unusable or inoperative, When a radio beacon is used in conjunction with the Instrument Landing System markers, it is called a Compass Locator, Voice transmissions are made on radio beacons unless the letter "W" (without voice) is included in the class designator (HW), Do not include a flag to warn of inoperative conditions so signal must constantly be monitored, Additionally tools are available to better increase your knowledge of navigation including, Review your instrument approach safety knowledge by taking the. Mountain pass entry points are marked for convenience to assist pilots with flight planning and visual navigation. This signal is called CSB (Carrier and Side Bands). This flying away from the needle is also required when flying outbound on the front course of the localizer. NDBs are often associated with Non-Precision Approach procedures. LNAV/vertical navigation (LNAV/VNAV) DA, if equipped with and using approved barometric vertical navigation (baro-VNAV) equipment; If the above conditions cannot be met, any required alternate airport must have an approved instrument approach procedure other than. If a RAIM failure/status annunciation occurs prior to the final approach waypoint (, If the receiver does not sequence into the approach mode or a RAIM failure/status annunciation occurs prior to the, If the RAIM flag/status annunciation appears after the, A Computer Navigation Fix (CNF) is also a point defined by a latitude/longitude coordinate and is required to support Performance-Based Navigation (. The glide path projection angle is normally adjusted to 3 degrees above horizontal so that it intersects the middle marker at about 200 feet and the outer marker at about 1,400 feet above the runway elevation. ADF theory. Frequencies ending with .5 don't work in MSFS with ADF radios that don't have a .5 tune option. FIG ENR 4.1-3FAA Instrument Landing Systems. NDBs are highly reliable, typically provide decades of uninterrupted service, and are extremely low cost to install and operate. Compass locator transmitters are often situated at the middle and outer marker sites. Ferrite antenna for non-directional beacon (NDB), frequency range 255-526.5 kHz. Telephone: !FDC FDC NAV WAAS VNAV/LPV/LP MINIMA MAY NOT BE AVBL 1306111330-1306141930EST As errors are . They, like the maritime beacons, mostly inhabit the part of the spectrum between Long Wave and Medium Wave (i.e. The promulgated range describes the radius of a circle around the NDB NDB Non-Directional Beacon where you are guaranteed reception from the NDB NDB Non-Directional Beacon without interference from other NDB NDB Non-Directional Beacon s. Because of night effect, this value is valid during the day only.
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